[ { "public_id": "evidence-0001", "country": "france", "country_label_en": "France", "title": "General Civil Service Code", "title_zh": "公务员总法典", "policy_domain": "civil_service_framework", "document_type": "code", "issuing_body": "Legifrance", "date": "2026-01-01", "source_url": "https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/texte_lc/LEGITEXT000044416551/2026-01-01", "summary_zh": "法国公务员总法典，汇总并统一国家、地方和医院三大公共职能的任用、权利义务、职业发展、纪律、休假、流动等规则。", "commentary_zh": "这是法国公务员制度的汇编性母法，可作为干部/公务员制度比较的总基线。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "institutional_contrast" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0002", "country": "france", "country_label_en": "France", "title": "Act No. 2019-828 of 6 August 2019 on the Transformation of the Civil Service", "title_zh": "2019年8月6日第2019-828号《公务员转型法》", "policy_domain": "civil_service_reform", "document_type": "law", "issuing_body": "Légifrance / Journal officiel", "date": "2019-08-06", "source_url": "https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000038889182/", "summary_zh": "法国近年公务员改革总枢纽，推动合同聘用扩张、社会对话简化、流动便利化、工时趋同和多项配套保障。", "commentary_zh": "可作为法国干部/公务员制度结构性改革的关键参照，帮助解释规则放松与组织调整。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "institutional_contrast" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0003", "country": "france", "country_label_en": "France", "title": "Recruitment in the Three Branches of the Civil Service", "title_zh": "公共职能三大分支的招录", "policy_domain": "recruitment_system", "document_type": "official_portal_page", "issuing_body": "Portail de la fonction publique", "date": "2023-02-13", "source_url": "https://www.fonction-publique.gouv.fr/devenir-agent-public/le-recrutement-dans-les-trois-versants-de-la-fonction-publique", "summary_zh": "说明法国国家、地方和医院三大公共职能的招录结构、人数规模与主要入口。", "commentary_zh": "可用于概括法国公务员体系的三分支结构，以及不同分支的入口差异。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "institutional_contrast" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0004", "country": "france", "country_label_en": "France", "title": "Civil Service Competitive Examinations", "title_zh": "公务员招录考试", "policy_domain": "recruitment_system", "document_type": "service_public_page", "issuing_body": "Service Public / DILA", "date": "2024-10-01", "source_url": "https://www.service-public.gouv.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F434", "summary_zh": "概述法国公务员招录通常通过 concours 进行，并区分外部、内部和第三条通道。", "commentary_zh": "适合对比中国干部/公务员招录中的考试制、资格门槛与晋升入口。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0005", "country": "france", "country_label_en": "France", "title": "Hiring a Person with Disabilities in the Public Service", "title_zh": "公共部门残障人士招录", "policy_domain": "inclusive_recruitment", "document_type": "service_public_page", "issuing_body": "Service Public / DILA", "date": "2024-10-01", "source_url": "https://www.service-public.gouv.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F430", "summary_zh": "说明残障人士可通过公务员考试并获得便利措施，也可先以合同制录用后再转为正式编制。", "commentary_zh": "可用于讨论法国公务员体系的包容性招录、便利化安排和合同转正路径。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0006", "country": "france", "country_label_en": "France", "title": "Professional Appraisal in the State Civil Service (FPE)", "title_zh": "国家公务员职业评价", "policy_domain": "performance_appraisal", "document_type": "service_public_page", "issuing_body": "Service Public / DILA", "date": "2025-05-19", "source_url": "https://www.service-public.gouv.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F11992", "summary_zh": "说明国家公务员每年通过职业面谈形成评价结论，评价结果会影响晋升与职业发展。", "commentary_zh": "可作为干部/公务员绩效评价、职业发展和晋升衔接机制的法国对照材料。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0007", "country": "france", "country_label_en": "France", "title": "Step and Grade Advancement in the Public Service", "title_zh": "公务员级别与职级晋升", "policy_domain": "promotion_system", "document_type": "service_public_page", "issuing_body": "Service Public / DILA", "date": "2026-01-01", "source_url": "https://www.service-public.gouv.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F568", "summary_zh": "说明公务员的晋级分为级别晋升和职级晋升，前者多与工龄相关，后者也可能与职业评价挂钩。", "commentary_zh": "适合比较干部/公务员的晋升规则、资历与绩效的结合方式。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0008", "country": "france", "country_label_en": "France", "title": "Disciplinary Sanctions in the Public Service", "title_zh": "公共部门纪律处分", "policy_domain": "disciplinary_regime", "document_type": "service_public_page", "issuing_body": "Service Public / DILA", "date": "2024-10-07", "source_url": "https://www.service-public.gouv.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F510", "summary_zh": "说明公务员纪律处分程序、处分种类与不同公共职能和身份的适用差异。", "commentary_zh": "可用于比较法国干部/公务员违纪问责与处分程序。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0009", "country": "france", "country_label_en": "France", "title": "Suspension of Duties in Case of Serious Misconduct in the Public Service", "title_zh": "公共部门严重违纪时的停职", "policy_domain": "disciplinary_regime", "document_type": "service_public_page", "issuing_body": "Service Public / DILA", "date": "2025-05-19", "source_url": "https://www.service-public.gouv.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F13970", "summary_zh": "说明停职是一种预防性行政措施，不属于纪律处分本身，通常用于等待后续纪律处理。", "commentary_zh": "可作为法国纪律流程中“先隔离、后处分”的程序性例证。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0010", "country": "france", "country_label_en": "France", "title": "Civil Servant Transfer / Mutation", "title_zh": "公务员调动", "policy_domain": "mobility_system", "document_type": "service_public_page", "issuing_body": "Service Public / DILA", "date": "2024-02-06", "source_url": "https://www.service-public.gouv.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F459", "summary_zh": "说明公务员可在同一公共职能内部调动岗位，通常不改变 corps、grade 或工龄。", "commentary_zh": "可用于比较干部/公务员跨部门流动、岗位调整与组织重配置。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0011", "country": "france", "country_label_en": "France", "title": "Annual Leave in the Public Service", "title_zh": "公务员年假", "policy_domain": "leave_system", "document_type": "service_public_page", "issuing_body": "Service Public / DILA", "date": "2025-06-23", "source_url": "https://www.service-public.gouv.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F488", "summary_zh": "说明公共部门年假按每周工作日的 5 倍计算，适用于三大公共职能的公务员和合同制人员。", "commentary_zh": "可作为比较休假权利和工时制度的法国官方规则样本。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0012", "country": "france", "country_label_en": "France", "title": "Telework in the Public Service", "title_zh": "公共部门远程办公", "policy_domain": "telework", "document_type": "service_public_page", "issuing_body": "Service Public / DILA", "date": "2025-01-01", "source_url": "https://www.service-public.gouv.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F13974", "summary_zh": "说明公共部门远程办公的申请、在岗比例和特殊情形安排，并引用 2021 年全国协定。", "commentary_zh": "可作为数字化治理和灵活用工背景下的法国官方制度样本。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "digital_modernization_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0013", "country": "france", "country_label_en": "France", "title": "Pay Slip in the Public Service: What Are the Rules?", "title_zh": "公共部门工资单规则", "policy_domain": "payroll", "document_type": "service_public_page", "issuing_body": "Service Public / DILA", "date": "2026-02-06", "source_url": "https://www.service-public.gouv.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F34231", "summary_zh": "说明公共部门工资单没有统一法定版式，但工资组成项目和社保扣缴情形由规范性文本确定。", "commentary_zh": "可用于理解法国公务员薪酬呈现与补贴、扣缴结构。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0014", "country": "france", "country_label_en": "France", "title": "Allowance Scheme in the Public Service: Rifseep or Other Bonuses", "title_zh": "公共部门津贴制度：RIFSEEP及其他奖金", "policy_domain": "remuneration_system", "document_type": "service_public_page", "issuing_body": "Service Public / DILA", "date": "2026-03-03", "source_url": "https://www.service-public.gouv.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F465", "summary_zh": "说明薪酬由基础工资和津贴奖金构成，并指出 RIFSEEP 在国家公务员体系中的参考地位。", "commentary_zh": "可用于分析法国公务员薪酬激励和岗位津贴结构。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0015", "country": "france", "country_label_en": "France", "title": "My Compensation", "title_zh": "我的薪酬", "policy_domain": "remuneration_system", "document_type": "official_portal_page", "issuing_body": "Portail de la fonction publique", "date": "2024-12-11", "source_url": "https://www.fonction-publique.gouv.fr/etre-agent-public/ma-remuneration", "summary_zh": "官方概览公共部门薪酬由基础工资、奖金和津贴等部分构成，并串联多个薪酬专题。", "commentary_zh": "可作为法国薪酬治理的入口页，便于和薪酬制度条目互相追踪。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0016", "country": "france", "country_label_en": "France", "title": "My Mobility", "title_zh": "我的流动", "policy_domain": "mobility_system", "document_type": "official_portal_page", "issuing_body": "Portail de la fonction publique", "date": "2025-12-22", "source_url": "https://www.fonction-publique.gouv.fr/etre-agent-public/mon-parcours-professionnel/ma-mobilite", "summary_zh": "介绍公务员在同一或不同岗位、地区和工作环境之间的功能性、地理性和环境性流动。", "commentary_zh": "可用于分析法国公务员跨岗位流动、职业发展与用人单位匹配。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0017", "country": "france", "country_label_en": "France", "title": "Choose the Public Service", "title_zh": "选择公共服务", "policy_domain": "digital_recruitment_brand", "document_type": "official_portal_page", "issuing_body": "Portail de la fonction publique", "date": "2026-02-20", "source_url": "https://www.fonction-publique.gouv.fr/devenir-agent-public/choisir-le-service-public", "summary_zh": "法国公共部门统一的人才品牌和招聘入口，兼顾招录、包容性、多样性和数字化传播。", "commentary_zh": "可作为法国数字化招聘、品牌化招才和公共部门形象治理的案例。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "digital_modernization_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0018", "country": "germany", "country_label_en": "Germany", "title": "Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (GG) - Article 33", "title_zh": "《德意志联邦共和国基本法》第33条", "policy_domain": "constitutional_basis", "document_type": "宪法条款", "issuing_body": "德国联邦立法机关", "date": "2025-03-22", "source_url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/gg/BJNR000010949.html", "summary_zh": "确立平等进入公职、按能力、资格和专业表现择优录用，并要求公共职务制度遵循职业公务员原则。", "commentary_zh": "为干部和公务员研究提供德国公职制度的宪制底座，直接关系到任用公平、职业官僚原则和公权力配置。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "institutional_contrast" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0019", "country": "germany", "country_label_en": "Germany", "title": "Law on the Status of Civil Servants in the Länder (Beamtenstatus Act - BeamtStG)", "title_zh": "《联邦州公务员身份法》(BeamtStG)", "policy_domain": "status_and_rights", "document_type": "法律", "issuing_body": "德国联邦议院（经联邦参议院同意）", "date": "2023-12-20", "source_url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/beamtstg/BJNR101000008.html", "summary_zh": "规定州、县、市等层级公务员的身份、任命、调动、终止和基本义务，是德国公务员制度的跨层级核心法源。", "commentary_zh": "可用于比较联邦与州层面干部制度的身份规则、流动边界和统一性基础。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "institutional_contrast" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0020", "country": "germany", "country_label_en": "Germany", "title": "Federal Civil Service Act (BBG)", "title_zh": "《联邦公务员法》", "policy_domain": "status_and_recruitment", "document_type": "法律", "issuing_body": "德国联邦议院", "date": "2025-02-27", "source_url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bbg_2009/BJNR016010009.html", "summary_zh": "系统规定联邦公务员的任用条件、权利义务、职务变动、解职、职业发展、考核、档案和法律救济，是联邦公务员管理的主干法。", "commentary_zh": "覆盖招录任用、岗位调整、晋升、兼职限制、档案管理等关键人事环节。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "institutional_contrast" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0021", "country": "germany", "country_label_en": "Germany", "title": "Federal Career Regulation for Civil Servants (BLV)", "title_zh": "《联邦公务员职业条例》", "policy_domain": "career_development_and_promotion", "document_type": "条例", "issuing_body": "德国联邦政府", "date": "2026-03-11", "source_url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/blv_2026/BJNR0430B0026.html", "summary_zh": "细化职业路径设计、准备服务、资格取得、评估和晋升规则，是联邦公务员职业发展制度的操作层规则。", "commentary_zh": "直接对应招录、培训、晋升和职业轨道设计，适合提炼机制比较。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0022", "country": "germany", "country_label_en": "Germany", "title": "Federal Disciplinary Act (BDG)", "title_zh": "《联邦纪律法》", "policy_domain": "discipline", "document_type": "法律", "issuing_body": "德国联邦议院", "date": "2024-07-19", "source_url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bdg/BJNR151010001.html", "summary_zh": "规定纪律处分种类、调查程序、证据规则、处分裁量和司法救济，是公务员行为约束和问责的重要制度。", "commentary_zh": "可用于分析干部监督、纪律约束和组织控制机制。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0023", "country": "germany", "country_label_en": "Germany", "title": "Federal Remuneration Act (BBesG)", "title_zh": "《联邦薪俸法》", "policy_domain": "pay_and_allowances", "document_type": "法律", "issuing_body": "德国联邦议院", "date": "2026-02-04", "source_url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bbesg/BJNR011740975.html", "summary_zh": "确定公务员工资、级别、津贴和与工资相关的制度基础，是干部激励和身份分层的重要制度支柱。", "commentary_zh": "便于比较不同职级的薪酬配置、晋升激励和待遇结构。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0024", "country": "germany", "country_label_en": "Germany", "title": "Federal Civil Servants and Judges Pensions Act (BeamtVG)", "title_zh": "《联邦公务员和法官养老金法》", "policy_domain": "pension_and_benefits", "document_type": "法律", "issuing_body": "德国联邦议院", "date": "2025-02-27", "source_url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/beamtvg/BJNR024850976.html", "summary_zh": "规定退休金、遗属待遇、伤残和事故抚恤等，构成联邦公务员长期激励和退出保障体系。", "commentary_zh": "适合观察公务员终身职业承诺与长期福利安排。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0025", "country": "germany", "country_label_en": "Germany", "title": "Federal Staff Representation Act (BPersVG)", "title_zh": "《联邦职工代表法》", "policy_domain": "representation_and_participation", "document_type": "法律", "issuing_body": "德国联邦议院", "date": "2026-01-09", "source_url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bpersvg_2021/BJNR161410021.html", "summary_zh": "规范职工代表、共同决定和协商程序，影响公务员和职员的人事治理、内部参与和劳动关系协调。", "commentary_zh": "可作为干部人事决策中的组织协商和内部治理约束背景。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "institutional_contrast" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0026", "country": "germany", "country_label_en": "Germany", "title": "Federal Equal Opportunities Act for Women and Men in the Federal Administration and Federal Courts (BGleiG)", "title_zh": "《联邦平等法》", "policy_domain": "equality_and_recruitment", "document_type": "法律", "issuing_body": "德国联邦议院", "date": "2025-02-27", "source_url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bgleig_2015/BJNR064300015.html", "summary_zh": "围绕岗位公告、面试和录用晋升设置平等促进与反歧视要求，是联邦人事政策中的性别平等规则。", "commentary_zh": "可用于分析干部选拔中的平等政策、程序约束和机会结构。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "institutional_contrast" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0027", "country": "germany", "country_label_en": "Germany", "title": "Federal Secondary Employment Regulation for Civil Servants, Career Soldiers and Temporary Soldiers (BNV)", "title_zh": "《联邦兼职条例》", "policy_domain": "side_employment_and_conflict_of_interest", "document_type": "条例", "issuing_body": "德国联邦政府", "date": "2017-03-29", "source_url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bnv/BJNR002990964.html", "summary_zh": "规范兼职的许可、报备和限制，体现公务员职业中利益冲突与公私边界控制。", "commentary_zh": "适合分析干部职业约束、灰色利益防控和职业伦理。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0028", "country": "germany", "country_label_en": "Germany", "title": "Federal Civil Servants Working Time Regulation (AZV)", "title_zh": "《联邦公务员工作时间条例》", "policy_domain": "working_time_and_workload", "document_type": "条例", "issuing_body": "德国联邦政府", "date": "2025-02-19", "source_url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/azv/BJNR042710006.html", "summary_zh": "规定正常工时、休息时间、待命、弹性工时和积时账户，为公务员工作负荷和时间治理提供规则。", "commentary_zh": "可作为行政效率、加班治理和组织负荷管理的制度背景。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0029", "country": "germany", "country_label_en": "Germany", "title": "Federal Regulation on Annual Leave for Civil Servants and Judges (EUrlV)", "title_zh": "《联邦公务员和法官休假条例》", "policy_domain": "leave_and_welfare", "document_type": "条例", "issuing_body": "德国联邦政府", "date": "2021-08-16", "source_url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/burlv/BJNR002430954.html", "summary_zh": "规定年休假、加班补休和特殊群体附加休假，是联邦公务员福利安排的一部分。", "commentary_zh": "有助于比较公务员福利配置与组织留任机制。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0030", "country": "germany", "country_label_en": "Germany", "title": "Federal Travel Expenses Act (BRKG)", "title_zh": "《联邦差旅费法》", "policy_domain": "mobility_and_official_travel", "document_type": "法律", "issuing_body": "德国联邦议院", "date": "2021-06-28", "source_url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/brkg_2005/BJNR141810005.html", "summary_zh": "规定公务出差的交通、住宿和日补贴标准，与岗位调动和跨地工作安排直接相关。", "commentary_zh": "可用于观察跨地区履职、出差频率和组织流动成本。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0031", "country": "germany", "country_label_en": "Germany", "title": "Federal Relocation Expenses Act for Civil Servants, Federal Judges and Soldiers (BUKG)", "title_zh": "《联邦搬迁费用法》", "policy_domain": "mobility_and_transfer", "document_type": "法律", "issuing_body": "德国联邦议院", "date": "2019-12-09", "source_url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bukg_1990/BJNR268210990.html", "summary_zh": "规定因调动、派遣或特殊安排引发的搬迁费用补偿，是干部跨地流动的重要配套制度。", "commentary_zh": "可用于分析干部交流、异地任职和迁转成本补偿。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0032", "country": "germany", "country_label_en": "Germany", "title": "Separation Allowance Regulation for Domestic Transfers and Secondments (TGV)", "title_zh": "《国内调任和借调分居补贴条例》", "policy_domain": "mobility_and_transfer", "document_type": "条例", "issuing_body": "德国联邦政府", "date": "2024-09-18", "source_url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/tgv_1986/BJNR007450986.html", "summary_zh": "为调任和借调期间的住宿、额外生活成本提供补贴，降低跨地交流的个人成本。", "commentary_zh": "可作为干部交流、派驻和异地任职的成本补偿机制样本。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0033", "country": "germany", "country_label_en": "Germany", "title": "Federal Regulation on Assistance in Sickness, Care and Maternity Cases (BBhV)", "title_zh": "《联邦医疗护理生育补助条例》", "policy_domain": "health_and_welfare", "document_type": "条例", "issuing_body": "德国联邦内政部", "date": "2025-10-14", "source_url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bbhv/BJNR032600009.html", "summary_zh": "规定疾病、护理和生育相关补助的范围与计算方式，是公务员福利和家庭保障的重要组成。", "commentary_zh": "可用于观察公务员长期福利、家庭支持和组织吸引力。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0034", "country": "germany", "country_label_en": "Germany", "title": "Act to Improve Access to Administrative Services Online (Online Access Act - OZG)", "title_zh": "《在线政务服务法》", "policy_domain": "modernization_and_digital_governance", "document_type": "法律", "issuing_body": "德国联邦议院/联邦参议院", "date": "2024-07-19", "source_url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/ozg/BJNR313800017.html", "summary_zh": "要求联邦和各州通过用户友好的数字门户提供行政服务，并与IT组件和身份认证体系联动。", "commentary_zh": "可用于分析德国行政现代化如何改变公务员工作流程和跨层级协同。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "digital_modernization_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0035", "country": "germany", "country_label_en": "Germany", "title": "Act on the Promotion of Electronic Administration (E-Government Act - EGovG)", "title_zh": "《电子政务促进法》", "policy_domain": "modernization_and_digital_governance", "document_type": "法律", "issuing_body": "德国联邦议院", "date": "2025-12-02", "source_url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/egovg/BJNR274910013.html", "summary_zh": "推动电子文件、机器可读格式和数字化行政程序，是联邦公务员工作方式现代化的重要法源。", "commentary_zh": "可作为数字化治理如何嵌入公务员人事与行政流程的制度证据。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "digital_modernization_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0036", "country": "japan", "country_label_en": "Japan", "title": "National Public Service Act", "title_zh": "日本国家公务员法", "policy_domain": "core_statute", "document_type": "law", "issuing_body": "国会", "date": "1947-10-21", "source_url": "https://hourei.ndl.go.jp/simple/detail?current=2&lawId=0000039319", "summary_zh": "规定日本国家公务员制度的基本通则，是任用、评价、纪律、薪酬等制度的总法源。", "commentary_zh": "为比较干部任用规则、薪酬调整和纪律处分提供最基础的制度基线。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "comparative_background" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0037", "country": "japan", "country_label_en": "Japan", "title": "Local Public Service Act", "title_zh": "地方公务员法", "policy_domain": "core_statute", "document_type": "law", "issuing_body": "国会", "date": "1950-12-13", "source_url": "https://hourei.ndl.go.jp/simple/detail?current=2&lawId=0000042979", "summary_zh": "地方公务员制度的基本法，覆盖任用、服务、评价和处分等核心规则。", "commentary_zh": "为比较中央与地方干部人事制度、考核逻辑和纪律约束提供基础对照。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "comparative_background" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0038", "country": "japan", "country_label_en": "Japan", "title": "National Public Service Ethics Act", "title_zh": "国家公务员伦理法", "policy_domain": "ethics", "document_type": "law", "issuing_body": "国会", "date": "1999-08-13", "source_url": "https://hourei.ndl.go.jp/simple/detail?current=-1&lawId=0000085820", "summary_zh": "规定国家公务员的廉政与利益冲突管理，是日本公务伦理体系的基础法。", "commentary_zh": "可用于比较公职廉政、利益冲突和作风约束的制度化安排。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "institutional_contrast" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0039", "country": "japan", "country_label_en": "Japan", "title": "National Public Service Ethics Code", "title_zh": "国家公务员伦理规程", "policy_domain": "ethics", "document_type": "cabinet_order", "issuing_body": "内閣", "date": "2000-03-28", "source_url": "https://hourei.ndl.go.jp/simple/detail?current=-1&lawId=0000086612", "summary_zh": "把伦理法进一步细化为可操作的行为规则，强化对公务员廉政行为的约束。", "commentary_zh": "适合用于观察日本如何把伦理原则转化为具体行为禁令与程序。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0040", "country": "japan", "country_label_en": "Japan", "title": "National Public Service Mutual Aid Association Act", "title_zh": "国家公务员共济组合相关法", "policy_domain": "benefits", "document_type": "law", "issuing_body": "国会", "date": "1948-06-30", "source_url": "https://hourei.ndl.go.jp/simple/detail?current=-1&lawId=0000040122", "summary_zh": "国家公务员共济与福利制度的法律基础，涉及养老、医疗和福利给付。", "commentary_zh": "可作为干部队伍福利、激励与长期任职条件的制度背景。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "comparative_background" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0041", "country": "japan", "country_label_en": "Japan", "title": "Act on Personnel Exchange between the State and Private Enterprises", "title_zh": "国家与民间企业之间的人事交流法", "policy_domain": "exchange", "document_type": "law", "issuing_body": "国会", "date": "1999-12-22", "source_url": "https://hourei.ndl.go.jp/simple/detail?current=-1&lawId=0000086236", "summary_zh": "规范国家机关与民间企业之间的人事交流，是日本官民互派的重要法源。", "commentary_zh": "可用于比较跨部门、跨组织流动机制，以及职业化与市场化的衔接。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "institutional_contrast" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0042", "country": "japan", "country_label_en": "Japan", "title": "Personnel Appointment (NPA Rule 8-12)", "title_zh": "职员任免（人事院规则8-12）", "policy_domain": "appointment", "document_type": "npa_rule", "issuing_body": "人事院", "date": "2009-03-18", "source_url": "https://hourei.ndl.go.jp/simple/detail?current=-1&lawId=0000116458", "summary_zh": "规定国家公务员任用、晋升、调任和配置换的具体规则，是人事运作的关键程序性依据。", "commentary_zh": "可直接对照干部任用、职级流动和“能绩主导”规则的制度化表达。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0043", "country": "japan", "country_label_en": "Japan", "title": "On the Appropriate and Flexible Handling of Promotions for Officials with No or Partial Personnel Evaluation Results", "title_zh": "关于对人事评价结果全部或部分缺失职员晋升的适当而灵活运用", "policy_domain": "evaluation", "document_type": "notice", "issuing_body": "人事院", "date": "2026-04-01", "source_url": "https://www.jinji.go.jp/content/000015913.pdf", "summary_zh": "明确在人事评价结果缺失时如何处理晋升，尤其涉及派遣、育休和休职后的升任。", "commentary_zh": "有助于理解日本如何把评价结果与晋升规则衔接，并容纳例外情形。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0044", "country": "japan", "country_label_en": "Japan", "title": "FY2025 National Personnel Authority Recommendation", "title_zh": "令和7年人事院勧告", "policy_domain": "salary", "document_type": "recommendation_page", "issuing_body": "人事院", "date": "2025-08-07", "source_url": "https://www.jinji.go.jp/seisaku/kankoku/archive/r7/r7_top.html", "summary_zh": "年度人事院勧告，体现国家公务员工资随民间工资调整的制度逻辑。", "commentary_zh": "可用于比较公职薪酬形成机制、民间对标方式和工资改革路径。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0045", "country": "japan", "country_label_en": "Japan", "title": "Guidelines for Disciplinary Action (Summary)", "title_zh": "关于处分基准的概要", "policy_domain": "discipline", "document_type": "guideline_pdf", "issuing_body": "人事院", "date": "2000-03-31", "source_url": "https://www.jinji.go.jp/content/000014722.pdf", "summary_zh": "列出国家公务员处分的标准例，涵盖旷工、泄密、文书不当和骚扰等情形。", "commentary_zh": "可用于比较公务员纪律处分的类型化标准与量定逻辑。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0046", "country": "japan", "country_label_en": "Japan", "title": "FY2026 National Public Service Comprehensive Career Examination (Graduate School and Undergraduate-level)", "title_zh": "2026年度国家公务员综合职考试（研究生/大学毕业程度）", "policy_domain": "recruitment", "document_type": "exam_guide_pdf", "issuing_body": "内閣人事局／人事院", "date": "2026-04-23", "source_url": "https://www.jinji.go.jp/content/000016463.pdf", "summary_zh": "说明2026年度国家公务员综合职考试和官厅访问流程，是日本高层公务员招录入口。", "commentary_zh": "有助于比较日本精英公务员选拔、考试与官厅访问的联动机制。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0047", "country": "japan", "country_label_en": "Japan", "title": "Recruitment Information for General Service Examination | National Public Service Examination NAVI", "title_zh": "一般职考试招录信息｜国家公务员考试招录NAVI", "policy_domain": "recruitment", "document_type": "exam_page", "issuing_body": "人事院", "date": "2026-04-24", "source_url": "https://www.jinji.go.jp/saiyo/saiyo/ippan/saiyo_ippan02.html", "summary_zh": "展示一般职考试的招录流程、官厅访问和年度日程，反映基层公务员入口制度。", "commentary_zh": "可作为日本基层公务员入口、遴选节奏和招录结构的比较样本。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0048", "country": "japan", "country_label_en": "Japan", "title": "Experienced Recruitment Examination", "title_zh": "经验者招录考试", "policy_domain": "recruitment", "document_type": "exam_page", "issuing_body": "人事院", "date": "2025-11-26", "source_url": "https://www.jinji.go.jp/syoukai/jinjika-saiyo/keikensya.html", "summary_zh": "说明经验者招录的官厅访问、线上面试和预约流程，是日本中途入职通道的官方样本。", "commentary_zh": "可用于比较中途招录、专业人才引进和经验型干部补充机制。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0049", "country": "japan", "country_label_en": "Japan", "title": "Local Public Employee Salary Survey", "title_zh": "地方公务员工资实态调查", "policy_domain": "salary", "document_type": "statistics_page", "issuing_body": "総務省", "date": "2023-01-24", "source_url": "https://www.e-stat.go.jp/statistics/00200211", "summary_zh": "官方统计调查页面，提供地方公务员工资实态和制度基础资料。", "commentary_zh": "可用于比较中央与地方公务员薪酬差异及地区化工资基准。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "comparative_background" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0050", "country": "japan", "country_label_en": "Japan", "title": "Act Partially Amending the Local Public Service Act and the Local Incorporated Administrative Agency Act", "title_zh": "地方公务员法及地方独立行政法人法部分修正法", "policy_domain": "evaluation", "document_type": "amending_law", "issuing_body": "国会", "date": "2014-05-14", "source_url": "https://hourei.ndl.go.jp/simple/detail?current=-1&lawId=0000132637", "summary_zh": "推动地方公务员引入能力和业绩导向评价，是地方人事制度改革的关键节点。", "commentary_zh": "可用于比较地方层级的绩效考核改革与国家层级制度联动。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "institutional_contrast" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0051", "country": "japan", "country_label_en": "Japan", "title": "On Digitalization and Enhancement of Personnel Management Operations", "title_zh": "关于人事管理业务的数字化与高度化", "policy_domain": "digital_reform", "document_type": "policy_pdf", "issuing_body": "内閣官房内閣人事局／デジタル庁／人事院", "date": "2025-03-31", "source_url": "https://www.cas.go.jp/jp/seisaku/digital_gyozaikaikaku/kakusyoDX3/kakusyoDX3_siryo3.pdf", "summary_zh": "提出人事管理业务数字化和HRM强化方案，强调共通平台、数据化和流程标准化。", "commentary_zh": "可作为日本公务员人事治理数字化转型的官方案例。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "digital_modernization_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0052", "country": "japan", "country_label_en": "Japan", "title": "Public-Private Personnel Exchange Promotion Network", "title_zh": "官民人事交流推进网络", "policy_domain": "exchange", "document_type": "network_page", "issuing_body": "内閣官房内閣人事局", "date": "2026-04-24", "source_url": "https://www.cas.go.jp/jp/gaiyou/jimu/jinjikyoku/kanmin_net_index.html", "summary_zh": "官民人事交流推进网络页面，强调制度说明、需求对接和交流促进。", "commentary_zh": "可用于观察官方如何组织官民交流的供需对接与制度宣传。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "institutional_contrast" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0053", "country": "japan", "country_label_en": "Japan", "title": "For Those with Expertise in the Digital Field", "title_zh": "致具备数字领域专长的人士", "policy_domain": "recruitment", "document_type": "recruitment_page", "issuing_body": "人事院", "date": "2026-04-24", "source_url": "https://www.jinji.go.jp/saiyo/syokai/digital_gaiyou.html", "summary_zh": "面向数字领域专业人才的官方入口，说明总合职和一般职的数字区分与选考採用。", "commentary_zh": "可用于比较日本公务体系如何引入数字人才并调整考试区分。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "digital_modernization_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0054", "country": "uk", "country_label_en": "United Kingdom", "title": "The Civil Service code", "title_zh": "公务员守则", "policy_domain": "civil_service_values_and_entry", "document_type": "code", "issuing_body": "Civil Service", "date": "2015-03-16", "source_url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/civil-service-code/the-civil-service-code", "summary_zh": "明确公务员的核心价值、行为标准与申诉权利，要求忠诚、诚信、客观和政治中立。", "commentary_zh": "可与干部制度中的政治纪律、职业伦理和组织忠诚要求做制度对照。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "institutional_contrast" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0055", "country": "uk", "country_label_en": "United Kingdom", "title": "Civil Service management code", "title_zh": "公务员管理守则", "policy_domain": "civil_service_terms_and_discipline", "document_type": "code", "issuing_body": "Civil Service", "date": "2026-01-05", "source_url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/civil-servants-terms-and-conditions", "summary_zh": "规定招聘、试用、纪律、薪酬、调动、离职和申诉等条款，是部门人事制度执行的总规则。", "commentary_zh": "可与干部人事管理中的组织授权、纪律处分和用人条款做对照分析。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "institutional_contrast" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0056", "country": "uk", "country_label_en": "United Kingdom", "title": "Recruitment Principles 2018", "title_zh": "招聘原则（2018）", "policy_domain": "recruitment_and_merit", "document_type": "commission_principles", "issuing_body": "Civil Service Commission", "date": "2018-04-01", "source_url": "https://civilservicecommission.independent.gov.uk/document/02a-recruitment-principles-april-2018-final/", "summary_zh": "界定公务员任命必须符合 merit、fair、open competition，并列出例外招聘和委员会监管要求。", "commentary_zh": "可与干部选拔中的公开竞争、择优录用和例外招聘规则进行直接比较。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "institutional_contrast" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0057", "country": "uk", "country_label_en": "United Kingdom", "title": "Civil Service People Plan 2024-2027", "title_zh": "2024-2027年公务员人事计划", "policy_domain": "civil_service_reform_and_people_strategy", "document_type": "policy_paper", "issuing_body": "Government People Group", "date": "2024-01-10", "source_url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/civil-service-people-plan-2024-2027/civil-service-people-plan-2024-2027-html", "summary_zh": "提出招聘、薪酬绩效、员工体验、人才保留和 HR 功能建设的中期改革框架。", "commentary_zh": "可比较英国如何把人事管理上升为统一功能标准，而非仅靠单个部门规章。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "comparative_background" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0058", "country": "uk", "country_label_en": "United Kingdom", "title": "Government Functional Standard GovS 003: People", "title_zh": "政府功能标准 GovS 003：人事", "policy_domain": "human_resource_governance", "document_type": "standard", "issuing_body": "Cabinet Office", "date": "2025-06-30", "source_url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/government-functional-standard-govs-003-human-resources/govenment-functional-standard-govs-003-people", "summary_zh": "跨政府人事功能标准，覆盖治理、员工生命周期和服务管理，强调一致性与能力提升。", "commentary_zh": "可比较英国如何把人事管理上升为统一功能标准，而非仅靠单个部门管规。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "comparative_background" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0059", "country": "uk", "country_label_en": "United Kingdom", "title": "Civil Service Line Management Standards", "title_zh": "公务员直线管理标准", "policy_domain": "management_and_leadership", "document_type": "guidance", "issuing_body": "Government Skills", "date": "2026-01-07", "source_url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/civil-service-line-management-standards/civil-service-line-management-standards-html", "summary_zh": "规定主管应提升团队绩效、纠偏和反馈能力，用以支撑高绩效和现代化管理。", "commentary_zh": "可与干部队伍中的组织管理标准、主管责任和绩效纠偏机制做对照。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "digital_modernization_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0060", "country": "uk", "country_label_en": "United Kingdom", "title": "How to move roles across the Civil Service: guidance for employees", "title_zh": "如何在公务员系统中调动岗位：员工指南", "policy_domain": "mobility_and_transfer", "document_type": "guidance", "issuing_body": "Cabinet Office", "date": "2026-04-14", "source_url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/guidance-for-civil-servants-how-to-move-jobs-between-departments-and-agencies/how-to-move-roles-across-the-civil-service-guidance-for-employees", "summary_zh": "说明跨部门调动的适用对象、流程、例外和所需信息，涵盖员工一端的操作步骤。", "commentary_zh": "可与干部跨单位交流、借调、轮岗和调任制度的流程成本做对照。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0061", "country": "uk", "country_label_en": "United Kingdom", "title": "How to move roles across the Civil Service: guidance for importing managers", "title_zh": "如何在公务员系统中调动岗位：调入经理指南", "policy_domain": "mobility_and_transfer", "document_type": "guidance", "issuing_body": "Cabinet Office", "date": "2025-11-20", "source_url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/guidance-for-civil-servants-how-to-move-jobs-between-departments-and-agencies/how-to-move-roles-across-the-civil-service-guidance-for-importing-managers", "summary_zh": "说明调入经理如何处理员工入职、表单、核验和数字 Employee Transfer Service。", "commentary_zh": "可与干部接收、交流任职和调入审核机制做程序对照。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0062", "country": "uk", "country_label_en": "United Kingdom", "title": "Staff transfers: further details for exporting managers", "title_zh": "员工调动：调出经理详细指南", "policy_domain": "mobility_and_transfer", "document_type": "guidance", "issuing_body": "Cabinet Office", "date": "2026-04-14", "source_url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/guidance-for-civil-servants-how-to-move-jobs-between-departments-and-agencies/staff-transfers-further-details-for-exporting-managers", "summary_zh": "说明调出经理的责任，包括资格、试用期、BPSS、安保审查、调整措施和薪酬处理。", "commentary_zh": "可用于比较干部调出、审核和接续管理中，原单位应承担的支持责任。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0063", "country": "uk", "country_label_en": "United Kingdom", "title": "Civil Service secondments and loans: how to apply", "title_zh": "公务员借调与内部借调：申请指南", "policy_domain": "mobility_and_secondment", "document_type": "guidance", "issuing_body": "Civil Service", "date": "2014-04-30", "source_url": "https://www.gov.uk/guidance/civil-service-secondments-and-loans-how-to-apply", "summary_zh": "解释 secondment 与 loan 的区别、申请路径和业务论证要求，强调技能发展与岗位需求结合。", "commentary_zh": "可与干部借调、挂职和交流任职机制的动机与技能积累功能做对照。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0064", "country": "uk", "country_label_en": "United Kingdom", "title": "May 2024 Elections: guidance on conduct for civil servants", "title_zh": "2024年5月选举：公务员行为指南", "policy_domain": "conduct_and_impartiality", "document_type": "guidance", "issuing_body": "Cabinet Office", "date": "2026-03-02", "source_url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/election-guidance-for-civil-servants/may-2024-elections-guidance-on-conduct-for-civil-servants-html", "summary_zh": "规定预选期公务员的行为边界、公共资源使用、咨询、沟通与政治活动限制。", "commentary_zh": "可与干部政治中立、选举期纪律和公共资源使用约束做直接对照。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "institutional_contrast" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0065", "country": "uk", "country_label_en": "United Kingdom", "title": "Civil Service Pay Remit Guidance 2025 to 2026", "title_zh": "2025至2026年公务员薪酬拨款指南", "policy_domain": "pay_and_reward", "document_type": "guidance", "issuing_body": "Cabinet Office", "date": "2025-05-22", "source_url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/civil-service-pay-remit-guidance-2025-to-2026/civil-service-pay-remit-guidance-2025-to-2026-html", "summary_zh": "规定 2025/26 年部门薪酬拨款、平均加薪空间、灵活额度和绩效付薪约束。", "commentary_zh": "可与干部薪酬总额控制、绩效奖金和差异化激励机制做对照。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0066", "country": "uk", "country_label_en": "United Kingdom", "title": "Guidance on the Senior Civil Service Pay Award 2025/26", "title_zh": "2025/26年高级公务员薪酬奖指导", "policy_domain": "senior_civil_service_pay_and_performance", "document_type": "guidance", "issuing_body": "Cabinet Office", "date": "2026-01-06", "source_url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/guidance-on-the-senior-civil-service-pay-award-202526/guidance-on-the-senior-civil-service-pay-award-202526-html", "summary_zh": "规定 SCS 2025/26 薪酬带宽、绩效奖、异常处理和与绩效管理框架的衔接。", "commentary_zh": "可与干部高层薪酬、绩效分配和能力型激励设计做对照。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0067", "country": "uk", "country_label_en": "United Kingdom", "title": "Public Service Pensions and Judicial Offices Act 2022", "title_zh": "公共服务养老金与司法办公室法案", "policy_domain": "pension_legislation", "document_type": "act", "issuing_body": "UK Parliament", "date": "2022-03-10", "source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2022/7/pdfs/ukpga_20220007_en.pdf", "summary_zh": "为公共服务养老补救安排提供立法基础，修复旧有歧视问题并设定选择与补偿机制。", "commentary_zh": "可用于比较公务员养老保障与补救型立法如何回应制度不平等。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "comparative_background" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0068", "country": "uk", "country_label_en": "United Kingdom", "title": "The Public Service (Civil Servants and Others) Pensions (Remediable Service) Regulations 2023", "title_zh": "公共服务（公务员及其他人员）养老（可补救服务）条例", "policy_domain": "pension_legislation", "document_type": "statutory_instrument", "issuing_body": "The Minister for the Civil Service", "date": "2023-09-04", "source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2023/942/pdfs/uksi_20230942_en.pdf", "summary_zh": "细化 civil service pension 的补救性服务处理、决定程序和补偿安排。", "commentary_zh": "可用于比较退休金补救、历史权益修正和干部养老制度稳定性。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "comparative_background" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0069", "country": "uk", "country_label_en": "United Kingdom", "title": "Writing skills", "title_zh": "写作技能", "policy_domain": "skills_and_writing", "document_type": "guidance", "issuing_body": "Government Skills", "date": "2024-08-23", "source_url": "https://www.gov.uk/guidance/writing-skills", "summary_zh": "列出公务员写作课程体系，覆盖邮件、简报、提交件和议会问答等场景。", "commentary_zh": "可与干部写作、请示报告和公文能力的标准化培养做对照。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "digital_modernization_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0070", "country": "uk", "country_label_en": "United Kingdom", "title": "Digital and Data essentials for senior civil servants", "title_zh": "高级公务员数字与数据基础要求", "policy_domain": "skills_and_digital_capability", "document_type": "guidance", "issuing_body": "Government Digital Service and Central Digital & Data Office", "date": "2023-11-29", "source_url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/digital-data-and-technology-essentials-for-senior-civil-servants/digital-data-and-technology-essentials-for-senior-civil-servants", "summary_zh": "定义高级公务员应具备的数据、技术、数字服务和用户导向能力底线。", "commentary_zh": "可与干部数字治理能力、数据素养和技术理解要求做制度比较。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "digital_modernization_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0071", "country": "uk", "country_label_en": "United Kingdom", "title": "A Modern Civil Service", "title_zh": "现代公务员制度", "policy_domain": "civil_service_modernisation", "document_type": "policy_paper", "issuing_body": "Cabinet Office and Modernisation and Reform", "date": "2024-08-06", "source_url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/a-modern-civil-service", "summary_zh": "提出能力、地点、交付、数字数据和创新五个改革方向，描绘现代公务员愿景。", "commentary_zh": "可与干部队伍现代化、数字化转型和组织再造的改革叙事做对照。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "digital_modernization_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0072", "country": "usa", "country_label_en": "United States", "title": "Civil Service Reform Act of 1978", "title_zh": "《1978年公务员改革法》", "policy_domain": "civil_service_reform", "document_type": "public law", "issuing_body": "Congress", "date": "1978-10-13", "source_url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/95th-congress/senate-bill/2640/text", "summary_zh": "1978年公务员改革法重塑了联邦文官制度，并将OPM、MSPB和FLRA等核心机构制度化。", "commentary_zh": "可对照中国干部人事制度改革起点、机构重构与权责分离逻辑。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "comparative_background" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0073", "country": "usa", "country_label_en": "United States", "title": "5 U.S.C. ? 2301 - Merit system principles", "title_zh": "《美国法典》第5编第2301条：功绩制度原则", "policy_domain": "merit_system_principles", "document_type": "U.S. Code section", "issuing_body": "Congress / Office of the Law Revision Counsel", "date": "2026-04-23", "source_url": "https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=%28title%3A5+section%3A2301+edition%3Aprelim%29", "summary_zh": "该条款给出联邦人事管理的九项功绩制原则，是联邦公务员制度的总纲。", "commentary_zh": "提供功绩制、公开竞争、公平待遇、绩效与培训的法定原点。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "institutional_contrast" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0074", "country": "usa", "country_label_en": "United States", "title": "5 U.S.C. ? 2302 - Prohibited personnel practices", "title_zh": "《美国法典》第5编第2302条：禁止的人事行为", "policy_domain": "merit_system_principles", "document_type": "U.S. Code section", "issuing_body": "Congress / Office of the Law Revision Counsel", "date": "2026-04-14", "source_url": "https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=%28title%3A5+section%3A2302+edition%3Aprelim%29", "summary_zh": "该条款把歧视、报复、违规影响招录晋升和绩效等行为纳入法定禁止范围。", "commentary_zh": "可用于分析反报复、纪律约束与干部任用边界。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "institutional_contrast" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0075", "country": "usa", "country_label_en": "United States", "title": "5 CFR Part 332 - Recruitment and Selection Through Competitive Examination", "title_zh": "《联邦法规》第5编第332部分：通过竞争性考试进行招录和选拔", "policy_domain": "delegated_examining", "document_type": "federal regulation", "issuing_body": "Office of Personnel Management", "date": "2026-04-22", "source_url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-5/chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-332", "summary_zh": "该部分规定竞争性招录、资格与任用的规则，是代理考试和公开竞争的关键监管层。", "commentary_zh": "可对照干部招录中的公开竞争、资格审查和例外授权。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0076", "country": "usa", "country_label_en": "United States", "title": "Delegated Examining Operations Handbook: A Guide for Federal Agency Examining Offices", "title_zh": "《委托考试操作手册：联邦机构考试办公室指南》", "policy_domain": "delegated_examining", "document_type": "handbook", "issuing_body": "Office of Personnel Management", "date": "2019-06", "source_url": "https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/hiring-information/competitive-hiring/deo_handbook.pdf", "summary_zh": "该手册解释代理考试机构如何开展职位分析、筛选、认证和任用，属于操作层权威指南。", "commentary_zh": "可用于把招录制度从法条层落实到机构操作流程。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0077", "country": "usa", "country_label_en": "United States", "title": "5 U.S.C. Chapter 51 - Classification", "title_zh": "《美国法典》第5编第51章：职位分类", "policy_domain": "classification_pay", "document_type": "U.S. Code chapter", "issuing_body": "Congress / Office of the Law Revision Counsel", "date": "2025-01-06", "source_url": "https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?edition=prelim&req=granuleid%3AUSC-prelim-title5-chapter51", "summary_zh": "该章规定职位分类的法定目标、分级分档和职位说明基础，是职位定岗定级的总法源。", "commentary_zh": "对应干部人事中的定岗、定级、职责界定和职级结构设计。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "institutional_contrast" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0078", "country": "usa", "country_label_en": "United States", "title": "5 CFR Part 511 - Classification Under the General Schedule", "title_zh": "《联邦法规》第5编第511部分：普通薪级表下的职位分类", "policy_domain": "classification_pay", "document_type": "federal regulation", "issuing_body": "Office of Personnel Management", "date": "2026-04-22", "source_url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-5/chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-511", "summary_zh": "该部分规定GS分类、机构权限和分类申诉，是职位分类的执行层规则。", "commentary_zh": "可对照干部职务分类、申诉复核和分类权限边界。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0079", "country": "usa", "country_label_en": "United States", "title": "Position Classification", "title_zh": "职位分类（OPM服务页）", "policy_domain": "classification_pay", "document_type": "agency webpage", "issuing_body": "Office of Personnel Management", "date": "2026-04-24", "source_url": "https://www.opm.gov/services-for-agencies/classification-job-design/position-classification/", "summary_zh": "OPM页面展示职位管理、desk audit和分类建议流程，反映分类制度的机构化操作。", "commentary_zh": "适合作为职位分类、编制管理和岗位评估的操作对照。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0080", "country": "usa", "country_label_en": "United States", "title": "5 CFR Part 531 - Pay Under the General Schedule", "title_zh": "《联邦法规》第5编第531部分：普通薪级表工资", "policy_domain": "classification_pay", "document_type": "federal regulation", "issuing_body": "Office of Personnel Management", "date": "2026-04-22", "source_url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-5/chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-531", "summary_zh": "该部分规定GS工资、步级晋升、地方工资和相关支付动作，是工资制度执行层规则。", "commentary_zh": "可对照干部工资等级、晋升支付和地区差异补偿。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "institutional_contrast" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0081", "country": "usa", "country_label_en": "United States", "title": "5 CFR Part 430 - Performance Management", "title_zh": "《联邦法规》第5编第430部分：绩效管理", "policy_domain": "performance_management", "document_type": "federal regulation", "issuing_body": "Office of Personnel Management", "date": "2026-04-22", "source_url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-5/chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-430", "summary_zh": "该部分规定绩效目标沟通、监测、评定和奖励，也覆盖SES绩效管理。", "commentary_zh": "可对照考核目标、绩效结果、奖励激励和低绩效处理。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "institutional_contrast" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0082", "country": "usa", "country_label_en": "United States", "title": "Reference Materials", "title_zh": "绩效管理参考材料", "policy_domain": "performance_management", "document_type": "agency webpage", "issuing_body": "Office of Personnel Management", "date": "2026-04-24", "source_url": "https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/performance-management/reference-materials/", "summary_zh": "该页汇总绩效管理术语、法规对应和操作口径，便于把制度条文转成执行清单。", "commentary_zh": "可用于梳理绩效管理术语、执行流程和制度映射。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0083", "country": "usa", "country_label_en": "United States", "title": "5 CFR Part 752 - Adverse Actions", "title_zh": "《联邦法规》第5编第752部分：不利处分", "policy_domain": "adverse_actions_discipline", "document_type": "federal regulation", "issuing_body": "Office of Personnel Management", "date": "2026-04-22", "source_url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-5/chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-752", "summary_zh": "该部分覆盖解雇、停职、降级、降薪和30天以内停薪留职，并规定申诉权。", "commentary_zh": "可对照纪律处分、组织问责和程序性救济。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "institutional_contrast" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0084", "country": "usa", "country_label_en": "United States", "title": "Employee Rights & Appeals", "title_zh": "雇员权利与申诉", "policy_domain": "adverse_actions_discipline", "document_type": "agency webpage", "issuing_body": "Office of Personnel Management", "date": "2026-04-24", "source_url": "https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/employee-relations/employee-rights-appeals/", "summary_zh": "OPM在此页集中说明不利处分、绩效处分、抗辩和申诉权利。", "commentary_zh": "可作为纪律处分与救济程序的官方解释入口。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0085", "country": "usa", "country_label_en": "United States", "title": "5 U.S.C. ? 7101 - Findings and purpose", "title_zh": "《美国法典》第5编第7101条：调查发现与立法目的", "policy_domain": "labor_management", "document_type": "U.S. Code section", "issuing_body": "Congress / Office of the Law Revision Counsel", "date": "2026-04-23", "source_url": "https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=%28title%3A5+section%3A7101+edition%3Aprelim%29", "summary_zh": "该条款明确联邦劳资关系的公共利益基础、组织权和高标准绩效目标。", "commentary_zh": "可对照组织权、协商权与政府效率之间的制度平衡。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "institutional_contrast" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0086", "country": "usa", "country_label_en": "United States", "title": "The Federal Service Labor-Management Relations Statute", "title_zh": "联邦服务劳资关系法规", "policy_domain": "labor_management", "document_type": "agency statute page", "issuing_body": "Federal Labor Relations Authority", "date": "2026-04-24", "source_url": "https://www.flra.gov/resources-training/resources/statute-and-regulations/statute", "summary_zh": "FLRA原站提供第71章法条导航、权利条款和机构职能，是劳资关系的重要官方入口。", "commentary_zh": "可用于补充劳资关系的争议解决、谈判和管理权边界。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "institutional_contrast" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0087", "country": "usa", "country_label_en": "United States", "title": "5 CFR Part 317 - Employment in the Senior Executive Service", "title_zh": "《联邦法规》第5编第317部分：高级行政服务雇佣", "policy_domain": "senior_executive_service", "document_type": "federal regulation", "issuing_body": "Office of Personnel Management", "date": "2026-04-22", "source_url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-5/chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-317", "summary_zh": "该部分覆盖SES录用、转换、资格审查、再任用和纠偏，是高层公务员制度的操作规则。", "commentary_zh": "可对照干部高层任用、转换和资格控制规则。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "institutional_contrast" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0088", "country": "usa", "country_label_en": "United States", "title": "5 U.S.C. ? 3131 - The Senior Executive Service", "title_zh": "《美国法典》第5编第3131条：高级行政服务", "policy_domain": "senior_executive_service", "document_type": "U.S. Code section", "issuing_body": "Congress / Office of the Law Revision Counsel", "date": "2026-04-07", "source_url": "https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=%28title%3A5+section%3A3131+edition%3Aprelim%29", "summary_zh": "该条款说明SES的目的、绩效约束、责任要求和政治中立要求。", "commentary_zh": "可对照高层干部制度的责任、绩效和政治中立设计。", "importance": "A", "evidence_use": "institutional_contrast" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0089", "country": "usa", "country_label_en": "United States", "title": "U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board | How to File an Appeal", "title_zh": "美国功绩制度保护委员会：如何提出申诉", "policy_domain": "appeals_review", "document_type": "agency webpage", "issuing_body": "Merit Systems Protection Board", "date": "2026-04-24", "source_url": "https://www.mspb.gov/appeals/appellantqanda.htm", "summary_zh": "该页说明哪些不利处分和其他事项可向MSPB上诉，以及基本资格范围。", "commentary_zh": "可用于理解处分、绩效和申诉救济之间的制度接口。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "mechanism_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0090", "country": "usa", "country_label_en": "United States", "title": "Federal Workforce Data (FWD)", "title_zh": "联邦劳动力数据（FWD）", "policy_domain": "workforce_data_digital_hr", "document_type": "data portal", "issuing_body": "Office of Personnel Management", "date": "2026-02", "source_url": "https://data.opm.gov/", "summary_zh": "FWD替代FedScope，提供月度更新、交互图表和可下载数据集。", "commentary_zh": "适合作为联邦人事数据基础设施和数字化治理的背景证据。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "digital_modernization_example" }, { "public_id": "evidence-0091", "country": "usa", "country_label_en": "United States", "title": "Trusted Workforce 2.0", "title_zh": "可信劳动力2.0", "policy_domain": "workforce_data_digital_hr", "document_type": "agency webpage", "issuing_body": "Performance.gov / GSA", "date": "2026-04-24", "source_url": "https://www.performance.gov/trusted-workforce/", "summary_zh": "该页说明联邦人员审查改革的目标、背景和季度进展，强调数字化与安全并重。", "commentary_zh": "可用于比较人员审查、数字化招聘和治理现代化路径。", "importance": "B", "evidence_use": "digital_modernization_example" } ]